Effect of Visual and Auditory Stimuli on Heart Rate

Effect of Visual and Auditory Stimuli on Heart Rate Introduction Humans, despite being a part of animal family do not behave similar to most of the species. The way to produce a movement is longer and more complex, simply because we undertake a lot of action consciously, or at least we think so. Although we do not know how many of the adjustments and decisions, we make in order to survive, are conscious, it is the complex thinking process that distinguishes us clearly from the rest of the species. In some situations that demand high-alertness we can still see the primitive, almost animal-like side of ourselves. We can perceive that clearly through functions that physiologically manifest our emotional expression, such as mobilizing muscles and glands and having our sensory systems on alert (Lang and Bradley, 2010). These physiological responses can tell us a lot about the experienced emotions. Each emotion is â€Å"goal-oriented†, hence we see the classic â€Å"fight or flight† sympathetic and â€Å"rest and digest† parasympath etic autonomic responses, which prepare the body to undertake a particular action (Stemmler, 2004). However, we learned how to regulate our own emotions by thinking in specific ways, to feel safe and secure. In order to investigate emotion-regulation and learning in high-alertness situations, the emotion has to be induced in the subject. This can be done through various means, one of which is conditioning. Pavlovian fear conditioning is a model system to study the neural mechanisms of associative learning and memory, which has been widely used for the past few decades. This type of learning uses a conditioned stimulus (CS) and pairs it with an irritating, unconditional stimulus (UCS). The outcome of this form of learning is typically a behavioural conditional response which demonstrated itself by eliciting reaction to the CS presented alone. Many evidences in non-human studies confirm that animals are able to learn the association between the CS and UCS. (Davies, 2000; LeDoux,2000; Phelps and LeDoux, 2005). The process of â€Å"unlearning† the conditioned association human learned to self-regulate the unwanted emotions; to suppress a previously learned fear. Fear extinction thus, refers to decrement in conditioned fear responses that we observe while a person is presented with repetition of a conditioned fear stimulus (Milad and Quirk, 2012). Otherwise, it is as a gradual process of erasing the initial association between the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus by showing the conditioned stimulus repeatedly on its own (Pavlov, 1927).These days, however, scientists are sceptical on whether the extinction erases the initial association or rather forms a completely new association that inhibits the expression of the conditioned memory. While many researchers interested in fear extinction see the advantage of using the electric shock as the UCS paired with CS there is a good amount of studies providing the evidence that an auditory stimulus can also be a powerful unconditioned stimulus (Lang and Bradley, 2000; Baumgartner et al., 2006b). Baumgartner et al. (2006b) showed increased activity in emotion processing brain structures when visual, emotional stimuli were combined with congruent musical excerpts compared to visual stimuli alone. The subjective and psychological variables between modalities were compared to find out that the level of involvement was higher for music than for pictures. However, the subjectively experienced emotion overlapped better with the intended emotion for pictures than for music. In terms of modality, the sound and images are very different. What is also different is that the sound lacks the clear meaning, which images convey almost immediately. In 2000, Bradley and Lang developed IADS, a database containing auditory stimuli rated for arousal, valence, and dominance. The relatively short musical excerpts carry clear inherent meaning (e.g., scream, the sound of a cheering crowd, or a gun shot). The sounds from IADS, as it was found by Bradley and Lang (2000) themselves, produced similar re actions to visual stimuli from IAPS. In the current study, we aim to induce an emotional state of fear by presenting neutral visual stimuli (CS, yellow or blue square) paired with the auditory stimuli (UCS, scream) eliciting specific arousal levels in blocks. in a laboratory setting, we examine heart rate variability and skin conductance using the information about the onset of the stimulus. The advantage of a quiet booth over the loud fMRI when taking simple physiological measures are multiple. First of all, the booth represents a more natural environment resembling a simplistic version a smaller size room. Participants are in a seated position, which is also a natural position for them to be in. These two factors draw out the preliminary stress associated with the unusual, unnatural setting of studies done in the scanner. Second of all, the quality of the EDA and EEG often contain heavy noises obtained due to magnetic force which disrupts the functioning of the measurement devices. Thus, measuring these indexes of physiological activity outside the scanner almost guarantees an output free of magnetic force contamination. To summarize, in the current study, we use blocks of bimodal stimuli to induce certain arousal levels. We determine effects of the paired stimulus valence and arousal, as well as their interaction, on pulse-derived interbeat interval and skin conductance. The following section explains the principles behind the dependent variables in the current study (pulse-derived IBI and skin conductance) in a form of a short overview. Specifically, it shows how these variables can be affected by emotional stimuli in valence- and arousal-related studies. CARDIOVASCULAR MEASURES Activation and suppression of sympathetic and parasympathetic system can both affect the heart rate and its variability, which can be divided into three frequency bands. Three main sources are reflected through these bands (Veltman and Gaillard, 1998): slow changes (0.02-0.06 Hz), mid-range changes (0.07-0.14 Hz) and fast changes (0.15-0.50 Hz). There are specific processes that cause each of those changes. Temperature regulation cause slow changes; resonance in the veins caused by the blood pressure regulation is related to mid-range changes; and breathing reflects the fast changes. All three bands reflect the effects of parasympathetic system, but only rhe slow and mid frequency bands show the effects of sympathetic system (Berger et al., 1989). Heart rate adapts to the blood pressure when in resting condition. However, some particular circumstances, such as mental workload during a difficult task, can lessen this adaption, which can be reflected through decreasing heart rate variability (Aasman et al., 1987). Heart rate measures can be affected by the sympathetic as well as parasympathetic system and other physiological processes. Heart rate acceleration was positively correlated with recall of both pleasant and unpleasant memories (Rainville et al., 2006). This suggests that arousal influences heart rate. Heart rate deceleration was also found to be greater for high arousal unpleasant sounds in comparison with low arousal unpleasant sounds (Bradley and Lang, 2000). In the recent paper by Chandola et al. (2010) reviewing studies that examined the heart rate variability and work stress association, work stress was associated with lower heart rate variability. A recent review on studies that examined the association of heart rate variability and work stress concluded that reported work stress is associated with lower heart rate variability  (Chandola et al., 2010). Studies on heart rate variability and emotions are mostly dealing with fear or anxiety (George et al., 1989; Friedman and Thayer, 1998; Rao and Yeregani, 2001) where heart rate variability decreases with increased levels of fear. In a study where participants relived emotions, Rainville et al. (2006) found that besides fear, also sadness and happiness decreased high frequency heart rate variability. In contrast to these studies that suggest a negative relation between heart rate variability and arousal, studies in which emotional visual stimuli were used, report increased heart rate variability for erotic images (Ritz et al., 2005) as well as for aversive visual stimuli (Sokhadze, 2007). Whereas studies on mental workload focus their analyses on midfrequency heart rate variability (reflecting both sympathetic and parasympathetic control), studies on emotions focus on the high  frequency band (only parasympathetic). SKIN CONDUCTANCE Electrical skin conductance varies with the moisture level of the skin. Since the sweat glands are controlled by the sympathetic part of the autonomous nervous system (Roth, 1983), skin conductance measures can be taken to indicate arousal. Indeed, a large number of studies found an increase in skin conductance with arousal (independent of valence) (Tucker and Williamson, 1984; Winton et al., 1984; Greenwald et al., 1989; Bradley et al., 1990; Tremayne and Barry, 1990, 2001; Cook et al., 1991; Boucsein, 1992, 1999; Barry and Sokolov, 1993; Khalfa et al., 2002). As Table 1 in Chanel et al. (2009) indicates, skin conductance measures are perhaps the most popular physiological signal in studies trying to classify emotional states on the basis of (neuro)physiological signals. Arousal seems more closely associated with increases in skin conductance than heart rate (Barry and Sokolov, 1993; Croft et al., 2004; Wilkes et al., 2010). Skin conductance responses vary with rated arousal in emotional/neutral picture viewing tasks (Lang et al., 1993, 1998; Greenwald et al., 1989). AIM AND HYPOTHESIS We here test whether within a single group of observers rather than different groups, unpleasant sound, and neutral pictures combined will have an effect on physiological responses. Specifically, we predict for physiological responses to increase during the unpleasant sound. Moreover, we investigate whether elicited emotions (ratings) and their physiological correlates (skin conductance, pulse-derived IBI) when only the visual stimulus is present (blue or yellow square). We predict heart deceleration and increase in skin conductance response to paired stimulus (visual (blue or yellow square)+ audio (unpleasant sound)) in the learning phase. Our second prediction states that this association will be erased during the extinction phase when the stimulus (visual (blue or yellow square)) will be repetitively shown alone.

Jazz Concert Report

Before taking Jazz class I barely knew anything about this type music. Six different bands performed fifteen pieces. Most of the pieces are written by popular Jazz composers, such as â€Å"Cantaloupe Island† by Herbie Hancock or â€Å"Donna Lee† by Charlie Parker. Also, there was one band that performed pieces written by its members, which really impressed me. For example, â€Å"Preparation† was composed by Alex Reiff, who plays bass in the band called Krista White 3 PM Combo. In this report I would like to pay attention on two pieces that I enjoyed the most.The first piece is â€Å"A Phone Call with Janet† written by Jessie Crossen, trombonist in the band Krista White 3 PM Combo. One of the band’s members said that Janet happens to be Aaron Smith’s trumpeter’s mother. What was noticeable is that the composition starts with bass playing. The dynamics are very quiet in the beginning, as if somebody was starting a conversation on the pho ne really quietly. When trombonist starts improvising, the rhythm starts to get faster and dynamics get louder and louder. I associated faster rhythm and loud dynamics with a phone argument between two people.The pianist was improvising last. Here dynamics got softer and quieter, and rhythm gets slower, which makes it seem that the argument was resolved. In the conclusion, all instruments end the composition. The second piece I wanted to pay attention to is â€Å"Take the A Train† that was originally composed by Billy Strayhorn. At the Sac State Jazz Combos Concert it was performed by Oliver Graham Combo band. It so happened that 2 days before this concert I read about Billy Strayhorn in my Music class and it was very interesting to listen how these guys would perform it. The composition starts with all instruments playing.Then pianist improvised first. After pianist, alto took turn to improvise. One could notice a very interesting and a little bit unusual exchange between gu itarist and drummer. The form of â€Å"Take the A Train† composition is 32-bar. The rhythm gets faster toward the middle of the song and dynamics are moderate throughout the composition. Overall, the concert was really great opportunity to experience a new style of music. I never thought Jazz could be the type of music I could listen to. This concert was the first Jazz concert I went to and I am looking forward to attend more in a future. Jazz Concert Report Before taking Jazz class I barely knew anything about this type music. Six different bands performed fifteen pieces. Most of the pieces are written by popular Jazz composers, such as â€Å"Cantaloupe Island† by Herbie Hancock or â€Å"Donna Lee† by Charlie Parker. Also, there was one band that performed pieces written by its members, which really impressed me. For example, â€Å"Preparation† was composed by Alex Reiff, who plays bass in the band called Krista White 3 PM Combo. In this report I would like to pay attention on two pieces that I enjoyed the most.The first piece is â€Å"A Phone Call with Janet† written by Jessie Crossen, trombonist in the band Krista White 3 PM Combo. One of the band’s members said that Janet happens to be Aaron Smith’s trumpeter’s mother. What was noticeable is that the composition starts with bass playing. The dynamics are very quiet in the beginning, as if somebody was starting a conversation on the pho ne really quietly.When trombonist starts improvising, the rhythm starts to get faster and dynamics get louder and louder. I associated faster rhythm and loud dynamics with a phone argument between two people. The pianist was improvising last. Here dynamics got softer and quieter, and rhythm gets slower, which makes it seem that the argument was resolved. In the conclusion, all instruments end the composition.The second piece I wanted to pay attention to is â€Å"Take the A Train† that was originally composed by Billy Strayhorn. At the Sac State Jazz Combos Concert it was performed by Oliver Graham Combo band. It so happened that 2 days before this concert I read about Billy Strayhorn in my Music class and it was very interesting to listen how these guys would perform it. The composition starts with all instruments playing.Then pianist improvised first. After pianist, alto took turn to improvise. One could notice a very interesting and a little bit unusual exchange between gui tarist and drummer. The form of â€Å"Take the A Train† composition is 32-bar. The rhythm gets faster  toward the middle of the song and dynamics are moderate throughout the composition.Overall, the concert was really great opportunity to experience a new style of music. I never thought Jazz could be the type of music I could listen to. This concert was the first Jazz concert I went to and I am looking forward to attend more in a future.

Easy Scholarships for International Students

Easy Scholarships for International StudentsOn this post we will do our best to find some great opportunities for Easy Scholarships for International Students that they can utilize. We will continue to add to this page, so be sure to check it out again. The United States is one of the prime destinations for students who are looking to benefit from a top notch and widely recognized international education. Being a student in USA, you are limited to very few scholarship options. To help you, we have collected information from several resources to come up with a list of Easy Scholarships 2017 for students in the USA as well as few scholarship opportunities granted by US government and institutions.Easy Scholarships for International Students – By the GovernmentForeign Fulbright Student Program The Fulbright Foreign Student Program enables graduate students, young professionals and artists from abroad to study and conduct research in the United States. The Fulbright Foreign Student Program operates in more than 155 countries worldwide. Approximately 4,000 foreign students receive Fulbright scholarships each year. Humphrey Fellowship Program The Humphrey Fellowship Program is for experienced professionals interested in strengthening their leadership skills through a mutual exchange of knowledge and understanding about issues of common concern in the U.S. and Fellows’ home countries. As a non-degree program, the Fellowship offers valuable opportunities for professional development through selected university courses, attending conferences, networking, and practical work experiences.Easy Scholarships for International Students by US Colleges and Universities American University Scholarships American University (AU) awards a limited number of generous partial merit scholarships. American University’s merit awards for international students are partial, not full, scholarships. They are highly competitive and based on a combination of outstanding academic achievement, excellent communication skills in English, leadership, volunteerism, and community service. AU Emerging Global Leader Scholarship Program The AU EGL scholarship covers all billable AU expenses (full tuition, room and board) for one international student who will need a visa (preferably an F-1 or J-1 student visa) to study in the United States. The scholarship does not cover non-billable expenses such as mandatory health insurance, books, airline tickets and miscellaneous expenses (approximately U.S.$4,000 per year). Amherst College Scholarships The award is sometimes called an â€Å"aid package† because it may include both self-help (employment) and gift aid (scholarships and grants). Students with lower financial need will be offered self-help. Students with greater need will be offered a combination of self-help and gift aid. Amherst College has replace all initially packaged, need based student loans with grant assistance and also offers $2,000 in an employment opportunity. Come back soon as we will continue to add to this page†¦ If you need help writing an Essay, feel free to contact us and check out our 6000+ free resources

Causes of Obesity in America Essay examples - 922 Words

Obesity is becoming one of the biggest problems in the country, but there has to be reasons for it. It can be the economy, society now, or people and companies. It’s time that our country starts to realize that we can’t live like this anymore. We need to see what is causing the sudden rise in obesity, and what we can do to fix it. Education of risks and solutions can be very helpful. Obesity is killing so many people, yet is still 100 percent avoidable. Our country is beginning to care less and really let themselves go. The fast food industry, supermarkets, and schools are the ones at fault for the spreading problem of obesity. To start exercising this issue we need to see what available options there are to turn this around. We have to†¦show more content†¦Are these said companies and schools starting to overlook some money and worry more about the peoples health with the actions and campaigns? A prime example of these actions is the governor of new york banning enormous drink sizes in 7-11, (Ghorayshi, 10). Looking at all of the actions that companies and politicians are taking are we seeing them as annoying or life saving? Maybe these actions are just too over the top and that is why they are perceived as annoying and unnecessary. Thinking that way maybe its little things that places like schools and supermarkets can do that will make the biggest difference in the whole situation. The placement of the food and even the name of the food is a way to trick peoples minds into getting better options. If we place the healthier food items in the front of lines and stores people tend to be more drawn to them, because they will get them first and studies have shown that depending on what you first get you will end up basing everything else that you get around those first few items that you get. So by placing health food in the front of stores or say buffets people will be more likely to choose the rest of their food based on that first grab, (Wansink,6). Looking at how society has developed since around the 90s and how life is changing in general we get mixed messages about obesityShow MoreRelatedCauses Of Obesity In America1030 Words   |  5 PagesObesity is a big problem in the United States today. According to Harvard Womens Health Watch, â€Å"33% of American adults are obese, compared with 15% in the late 1970s. More than 60% of women are overweight or obese†. When it comes to losing weight, many people devotedly believe in the 80/20 rule, which is what and how a person eats is 80% of the effort in losing weight. This is somewhat disconcerting if these people live in America because of the obesity epidemic currently going on, which is causedRead MoreCauses And Effects Of Obesity In America870 Words   |  4 PagesThe Centers of Disease Control and Prevention defines obesity as having a BMI over 30 (CDC). In the year 2000, roughly 30 percent of 20 year olds in America were obese. By 2003 that number had risen to 32 perc ent. That is a small window of increase. From the 1970s to the early 2000s, the percent of obese Americans doubled. This means that in 1970, only 15 percent of Americans were obese, and in the thirty years following, obesity took a sharp rise. In 1960, 13 percent of Americans were obese. TheRead MoreDoes Advertising Unhealthy Food to Children in America Cause Obesity?2106 Words   |  9 PagesDoes Advertising Unhealthy Food to Children in America Cause Obesity? 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Because of America’s obesity problems, Surgeon General David Satcher issued a report saying; The Surgeon Generals Call to Action to Prevent and Decrease Overweight, said that obesity have reached epidemic proportions in America. Obesity in America has noRead MoreThe Hazardous Disease of Obesity1222 Words   |  5 PagesObesity is defined as having excess body fat (CDC). Obesity quickly spreads and is a hazardous disease. Obesity is very different from being overweight. Overweight is just another term for being fat whereas, obesity means that one’s body contains thirty percent or more body fat. (CDC) The term globesity (WHO), was first used by World Health Organization, meaning obesity is affecting a great proportion of Earth’s population. W. H.O. Termed the word globesity because obesity has turned into a globalRead MoreIn The Last Twenty-Five Years, America Has Embraced A Lifestyle1314 Words   |  6 PagesIn the last twenty-five years, America has embraced a lifestyle that has discounted exercise and home cooked meals for sedentary lifestyles, and food that is readily available. As a result of this trend, America is seeing an increase in BMI of its population as a whole. This includes expanding waste lines, higher fat content, and higher risk for many preventable health issues that includes Type II Diabetes, high blood pressure, heart diseases, liver failure, kidney disease, stroke, cancers, and aRead MoreObesity : A Controversial And Big Medical Issue Within Today s Society991 Words   |  4 PagesCentral Idea: Obesity has become a controversial and big medical issue within today’s society. (Attention Getter): Take a look around you the next time you go to the store, to the mall, the movies, or anywhere that you go. What you will see is what has apparently become the new trend among children and adults. What you will see has become a big problem and it will continue to grow each year. Is obesity the fastest growing condition in the United States. Read MoreObesity And The American Health Care System914 Words   |  4 PagesObesity is an epidemic that is putting uncomfortable strains on the American health care system. With just under two-thirds of the American adult population being overweight or obese, a lot of time and effort has gone into uncovering the causes of this rise in the weights of American citizens. Several theories have been developed to help solve the mystery of America’s rising size. Obesity cannot be traced back to a single factor, but rather many aspects have contributed to the rise of obesity in

Dear Americ Book Review - 1556 Words

Kersasp Cawasji Hist 1302- 5021 Professor Blake Ellis Aug 10, 2014 Dear America – Book Review ‘Dear America’ is a rather sober look at the war fought in Vietnam from the point of view of the soldiers fighting in it. The book is a collection of 200 letters penned by the soldiers and their families during the war. It is through the simplicity of the writers’ language and the honesty in their words that makes Dear America a history book and not a war novel. Through these readings, the myths of the glories of war are promptly dispelled to make way for the harsh truths that accompany it. War is known to take the humanity out of many a soldier but all that is left of it shines through the pages of their candid, homebound letters. In one such†¦show more content†¦The rain drips on them until they sleep from exhaustion. However, day after day, they tread through this misery willingly as they know it is their job (60). A lot can be learned from letters as these about the conditions that soldiers faced during the Vietnam Wa r. They grudgingly yet persistently trudged on knowing that war is a â€Å"constant factor in this world and it has been since the beginning of time†. Keeping this in mind kept them fighting for month and months to come. All the while these brave soldiers wrote to their loved one seeking the emotional support that was so easily lost, fighting their silent, hidden enemies. However, in another letter from Bruce McInnes, the delicate side of these soldiers are exposed. In this letter Bruce tells his mother about the astonishingly â€Å"unimprovable conditions† that the Vietnamese live in. He tells her that the elders of the society are tired of the war and having endured the hardships associated with it, are convinced that there is no other way of life. But, the young are eager to learn and have hope for a peaceful future. He goes on to say how these children slept on the plain floor and got hardly anything to eat. Bruce tells her mother about a time visited an orphanage run by just eight nuns in Vietnam. 1200 children belonged to the orphanage and it was astonishing to imagine how a few nuns could oversee such a large effort. However, the biggest tragedy was that these children hadn’t brought their misfortune

Taino and Kalinago - 1557 Words

Excerpt from the book Crossroads of Empire: The European-Caribbean Connection, 1492-1992, by Alan Gregor Cobely; pgs 23-30 TAINO AND KALINAGO RESISTANCE TO EUROPEANS According to recent archaeological evidence, the Kalinago were the last migrant group to settle in the Caribbean prior to the arrival of the Europeans in 1492. The Columbus mission found three native groups, of different derivation and cultural attainments, but all of whom entered the Caribbean from the region of South America known as the Guianas. These were the Ciboney, the Taino (Arawaks) and the Kalinago. The Ciboney had arrived about 300 B.C., followed by the Taino, their ethnic relatives, about 500 years later and who by 650 A.D. had migrated northwards through the†¦show more content†¦As the labor supply on Espanola declines, attention turned to the southern islands which from St. Croix, neighbouring Puerto Rico, to the Guianas were inhabited by the Kalinagos. Spanish royal edicts dated November 7, 1508 and July 3, 1512, authorised settlers to capture and enslave Kalinagos on the island of Los Barbudos (Barbados), Dominica, Matinino (Martinique), Santa Lucia, San Vinc ente, La Asuncion (Grenada), and Tavaco (Tobago), because of their resistance to Christians. By the end of the sixteenth century, however, the Spanish had decided, having accepted as fact the absense of gold in the Lesser Antilles, and the inevitability of considerable fatalities at the hands of Kalinago warriors, that it was wiser to adopt a hands off policy while concentrating their efforts in the Greater Antilles. As a result, the Greater and Lesser Antilles became politically separated at this time by what Troy Floyd described as a poison arrow curtain. The English and French initiating their colonizing missions during the early seventeenth century, therefore, had a clear choice. They could either confront the Spanish north of the poison arrow curtain or Kalinago forces south of it. Either way, they expected to encounter considerable organized aremed resistance. They chose the latter, partly because of the perception thatShow MoreRelatedComparison: The Tainos, Mayans, and Kalinagos2048 Words   |  9 PagesCentral and South America, Evolving distinct physical and cultural characteristics. Three distinct groups developed societies in parts of the Caribbean and in Central and South Americas. The Tainos were located in Jamaica. Hispaniola, Cuba, Puerto Rico and some parts of the Bahamas and Trinidad. The Kalinagos in Grenada, Tobago, St Vincent, St Kitts and Nevis, Puerto Rico ,Hispaniola and Trinidad . The Mayans were located in Mexico, Belize, Honduras and Guatemala. These societies were organized primarilyRead MoreCaribbean History Sample Questions769 Words   |  4 Pageslived in the Caribbean before the arrival of the Europeans in 1492. (2 marks) ANSWER Tainos (Arawaks) and Kalinagos Caribs (b) Give two examples of the way of life before 1492 of any one of the groups named at (a) above (6 marks) ANSWER (Group Tainos) The cacique was the head of the Tainos society. The cacique was a hereditary title which passed down from father to son. Generally speaking, the Tainos practised monogamy. However, the cacique was allowed to practise polygamy (this was toRead MorePast Paper1602 Words   |  7 Pagesquestions that follow. The Taino (Arawak) and Kalinago (Caribs) were similar in many ways, but different in others. For example, their technology was quite similar, but their political organization was to some extent different. Their technology was not as advanced as that of the Maya. a) Explain why Mayan technology is considered more advanced than the technology of the Arawaks and Caribs. (4 marks) b) Outline the ways in which the technology of Taino and Kalinago were similar. (9 marks) c)Read MoreAmerindian Legacies in the Caribbean Essay833 Words   |  4 Pages† Discuss. The Amerindians have left a legacy that forms part of the Caribbean Civilization. The Amerindians were two groups of people having completely different personalities. One group was the Arawaks or Taino which occupied the Greater Antilles and the other was the Caribs or Kalinago which occupied the Lesser Antilles. The Arawaks were a very peaceful group of people; slim and short, but firmly built. The Caribs on the other hand were very aggressive people and were taller and had a biggerRead MoreAccess the Effects of the Spanish Settlement in Hispaniola on the Tainos During the 15th to 16th Century.2441 Words   |  10 Pagesas the Pearl of the Caribbean. Just like in the other colonies, the Tainos thought that the Spaniards were gods and welcomed them into their villages. Columbus believed that Hispaniola had gold and forced the Tainos to work in the mines. Columbus also made the Tainos pay the Spanish a tribute to satisfy both the Crown’s and the settler’s greed for gold , and to obtain food for his settlement. It was easy to take control of the Tainos as they assumed that if they pleased the ‘gods’ that they would beRead MoreEssay on genocide and revolution central themes in the caribbean1169 Words   |  5 Pagesas we know it began with the migration of the aboriginals/ pre-ceramic peoples from Mongolia Asia through Siberia over the Bering Strait and down into North, Central and South America and later the Caribbean. These peoples consisted of the Tainos, Kalinagos, Ciboneys and others. The next major historical contact was that of the Europeans who came to the Caribbean region in their quest for God, Gold and Glory. Upon contact these Europeans (the Spanish), enslaved the Amerindians in their search forRead MoreCaribbean History: THE POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF INDENTURESHIP ON THE BRITISH CARIBBEAN BETWEEN THE PERIOD OF 1838 AND 19211629 Words   |  7 Pagespositive and negatives of this subject matter. The first set of indentured laborers was poor whites, convicts and farmers, who were brought from Britain and France and were forced to sign the contracts. European enslavers who did not have Tainos and Kalinagos used white indentured laborers (Beckles Hilary McD., 2004) (Advantages and Disadvantages of Indentured Labour in the Caribbean, 2013). This research will focus on the British Caribbean indentures and planters and the positive and negative effectsRead MoreCritically Examine the Effects of the Spanish Colonization on the Indigenous Population in Trinidad.2573 Words   |  11 Pagesspices popularized by famous travelogue of Marco Polo, Ibn Battuta and the persistent Prester John, led him to the island of Trinidad (Williams 5). Upon Columbus’ arrival to the West Indies, he met two Amerindian tribes. These were the Kalinagos (Caribs) and the Tainos (Arawak). The Arawak tribe greeted Columbus and his Spanish comrades with gifts and food while the Carib tribe retreated in land and observed the intentions of the Europeans. These behaviors can be seen in picture one on this page, which

Leading Organization and Change Strategic Leadership

Question: Discuss about the Leading Organization and Change for Strategic Leadership. Answer: Introduction In the growing complexities of the human resource management issues, the strong link between change management and strategic leadership is essential to provide an appropriate organizational direction toward growth. The strategic leadership and change management will provide a framework for the achievement of the organizational goals and objectives(Aitken and Higgs2010). This report will develop a broad understanding of the main topic Leading organization and Change by emphasizing the linkage or alignment among strategic leadership, change management, organizational direction, and management skills to support the organizational strategy. This assessment will describe about how change management and leadership styles can be applied to the organization in different situations and impact of these leadership styles on organizational strategic decision-making will also be evaluated. The leadership strategy will be developed by using appropriate theories and methods of leadership and change management to provide an appropriate future direction(Adair 2013). This assessment will also review the current change management and leadership strategy in order to develop the skills that may be required to face future challenges. Along with this, a future plan will be prepared to develop leadership skills in order to deal with the future challenges and potential problems. On the basis of above findings, the references will be made related to the relevant change management and leadership theories. Organizational background of Microsoft Corporation Microsoft Corporation is a USA-based Multinational Computer Technology Outsourcing Companyhaving the main headquarters In Redmond, Washington, US. It is a leading software development company in the world that was originally established by Bill Gates and Paul Allen in Albuquerque, New Mexico in 1975. Microsoft has been enjoying the high market share and huge revenues for the last couple of decades in the global industry. Microsoft Corporation has its own product development, manufacturing, and licensing units to sell the computer software applications and windows programs to the global users. Microsoft has high brand recognition and customer loyalty by offering the Computer technological applications of the value-added and high performanceto the users (Hitt, Ireland, and Hoskisson2008). The company believes in empoweringeveryone and every business organization on the planet to achieve more. The product lines of Microsoft include Windows versions (Window 95, Window 98, Window Vista, Window XP, Window 7, Window 8, and Window 10), MS office (MS Word, MS Excel, MS Power point, MS Access), and MS DOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System).It also offers mobile phones, windows phones, surface tablets, Skype, Xbox, visual Games, and server applications. It provides the services includingBing, MSN, Skype, MSDN, Xbox, OneDrive, and TechNet. Satya Narayana Nadella is the present CEO of Microsoft Corporation, who was appointed on 4 Feb, 2014. Microsoft has employed app. 120,000 employees worldwide at different business divisions (Johensen 2012). Main Body Evaluation of adaptability of Change Management and Leadership styles and impact of these styles on strategic decision making Different types of change management and leadership styles are adapted to different situations within the organization of Microsoft which are following discussed as: Participative or Democratic style- This leadership style could be effective for the leader to take an appropriate decision by allowing the participation of the employees in the decision-making process of the company. In this style, the leader follows two-way communication processin order to provide freedom to the employees to share their views and ideas with the leader. This leadership style is adapted in the situations when decisions are taken collectively with the corporation of the subordinates or staff members. Each employee has equal opportunity to participate in the decision-making process and liberty to keep their views and opinions(Longo and Cristofoli 2008). The views, opinions and suggestions of the employees or participant are considered as inputs for the final decision making. Autocratic or Authoritative leadership style- This leadership style is adapted to a situation where the leader takes decisions unilaterally and independently without involving the participation of the employees for the companys decisions. The opinions and views of the employees or subordinates are not considered for the decision-making process. This leadership style works best in the situation when the leader directs the employees for executing the tasks or projects assigned to them. The leader doesnt get the advice of the followers for the companys meetings or decisions. In this style of leadership, the leader directs and motivates the followers or employees by providing persuasion and feedback on their performance(Luis 2010). This leadership style is adapted to the situations when the leader takes decisions in the critical situations or emergencies without involving others in the decisions. Delegative or Laissez-faire leadership style- This style of leadership is adapted to the situations where the leader gives freedom for the followers or subordinates to make the decisions ownselves without intervening their activities and decisions. The leader provides the necessary resources for the followers or subordinates and gives them an opportunity to take decisions with little guidance. Bureaucratic style: This leadership style is adapted to the situations when leaders are skilled, educated, and experienced. The leader takes decision with own judicious after assessing the organizational situations or risk factors. The leader takes decision for the interest of the organization by using the available sources in the given conditions. Charismatic style: This style of leadership is adapted to the situations where the leadertakes decision after observing the current organizational situations and estimating the risk factors. In this leadership style, the leader encourages the followers or subordinates to give their best performance for the achievement of the organizational goals and objectives(Lussier and Achua 2012). This leadership style works best in the positive work environment where the leader motivates the subordinates or followers to work hard and strive to succeed in the goals-accomplishment. For the organization of Microsoft, the participative or democratic leadership style will be most suitable which has been currently using in the organization of Microsoft because this leadership style will help Satya Nadella in taking decisions effectively by allowing the participation and involvement of the followers or subordinates in the decision-making process of the company. This leadership style will be effective for Nadella to get the opinions, views, and responses of the employees while taking the final decisions(Wheelen2012). The change management and leadership styles affect the organizational decision-making to the great extent because these styles influence the mindsets of the leader to make effective decisions. In the participative or democratic leadership style, the views, opinions, and recommendations of the employees are considered by allowing them to participate in the companys meetings and decision making process. This leadership style is effective to take accurate and right decisions because the decisions are taken collectively by getting advice from the followers or subordinates(Thompson and Martin2010). In the autocratic leadership style, the decisions are taken individually by the leader without involving the participants in the decision-making process. Sometimes, such types of leaders take decisions in the emergencies that reduce the effectiveness and efficiency of the decisions. The bureaucratic leadership style affects the strategic decisions because the decisions are taken after assessing the contingent situations and risk factor. The leaders are well educated, knowledgeable, and trained who take effective decisions for the interests of the organization. In the free rein or laissez-Fair leadership style, the decisions are taken by the followers or subordinate themselves without much intervention of the leader (Stringham 2012). The employees have authorities and liberty to take decisions in their own way. So, different leadership and management styles affect the organizational decisions. Development of leadership strategy by using selected theories and methods of change management and leadership An effective leadership strategy is required for moving the organization toward the achievement of future goals and objectives by linking the leadership strategy to the extensive changes. It will be good from the perspective of the organizational growth to create a leadership strategy for the development of an effective leader. The leader can provide the organization of Microsoft an appropriate direction toward growth through performing his duties, responsibilities, and authorities in an effective manner. The leadership strategy and management knowledge are affected by the use of the change management and leadership theories. By using the management and leadership theories, the impact of the situational factors (competition level, high job stress, job structure, diversified workforce, and changing environmental conditions) on the leadership behavior and strategyis identified (Smillie and Hailey 2001). The theories of leadership and change management include Great Man theory, Transfor mational theory, Trait theory, Transactional theory, Situational theory, Leadership-Member Exchange theory, Contingency and charismatic leadership theory that significantly affect the leadership and change management strategy. For the organization of Microsoft, the leadership theories including contingency or situational theory, transformation theory, and behavioral theory can be used. Transformational theory- This theory will assist in developing an effective leadership strategy by encouraging the leaders for the attainment of the long term goals, objectives, strategies and vision. This theory will be supportive to transform the leader in order to bring innovation and creativity for enhancing the performances and productivity of the workforces by influencing the behaviors and attitudesof the individuals (Olson and Simerson2015). By using this theory, the leader can share the job skills, knowledge and experiences with the organizational members in order to attain the organizational goals and objectives effectively. Situational or contingency theory- This theory will be effective for the development of the future leadership strategy. This theory will influence the behavior of the leaders to take effective decisions according to organizational situations(Finkelstein, Hambrick and Cannella 2009). This theory assumes that the leadership behavior should be contingent based on situations for influencing the motivational level and commitment of the employees for accomplishing their tasks effectively. After observing the situations, the leaders should make change in the change management and leadership strategy. Behavioral theory- This theory affects the behaviors, attitudes, perceptions and values of the leader which in turn influences the leadership strategy for encouraging the employees for the achievement of organizational goals and objectives (Napoleon and Abell 2008). This theory is effective to win the loyalty and confidence of the team members by allowing their participation in the decision-making. On the basis of above findings and assumptions from the theories of leadership and change management, an effective leadership strategy will be developed to support the organizations future direction by linking the strategy with the attainment of the future goals, vision, and objectives. The leadership strategy will assist to lead the workforce effectively by managing the performances of the individuals for the accomplishment of the tasks or projects assigned to them as per their skills, roles, and knowledge. Microsoft is one of the leading computer software development companies in the world which is known for high market presence and corporate global identity. It has employed around 120,000 employees to handle the overall business operations of Microsoft. SatyaNarayanaNadella is the CEO or leader of Microsoft. Microsoft Corporation has been facing complex problems and potential challenges for the last few years due to ineffective leadership strategies and policies in Microsoft. It has been difficult for the leader to manage the external business operations of Microsoft while working at different environmental conditions. After the acquisition of Nokia by Microsoft in 2014, the challenges and responsibilities for Nadella have been increased. So, it has become necessary to develop a leadership strategy to prepare the leader for the potential challenges and future responsibilities (Riggio and Tan2013). For developing aneffective leadership strategy, the current leadership strategy is revie wed in order to identify the strong and weak points of the leadership. After assessing the current leadership strategy, the current leadership skills and abilities are compared with the future leadership skills and abilities that will assist in identifying the skills gap for the development of the future leadership strategy. Creation of Leadership Strategy The leadership strategy of Microsoft will include the leadership skills, managerial abilities, specialization of fields, commitment, unique traits, and managerial competence that will be required for performing the leadership role, tasks, and responsibilities effectively. The leadership strategy will also include the commitment and orientation of the leader toward the organizational vision, mission, future goals, objectives, strategies, and vision statement. The leadership strategy will also contain the roles, duties, authorities and responsibilities ofeach employee that will be determined by the leader. The leadership strategy will also include the self-leadership before committing to lead others. It will also include the risk assessment and management, future tasks or projects, potential challenges, and required experience and knowledge(Samson and Bevington 2012). The leadership strategy of Microsoft will also include the participation of the team members or subordinates in the tea m meetings. The leadership strategy will also contain the development of the professionalism, trust, belief, respect required for determining the future direction of the organization. This strategy will include the changes required for the leader after assessing the organizational requirements and contingent situations. Methods to review the current leadership and change Management within the organization For reviewing the current organizational leadership and change management of Microsoft Company, several methods such as SWOT analysis, self-assessment, Life Mission Statement, and Qualification gap and Performance analysis can be used. The Self-Assessment is a method that can be used to analyze the strengths and weaknesses of the leadership of Satya Nadella through assessment of the current skills and future skills required for the dealing with the complex problems and future challenges. Creating a life mission statement through a life mission statement worksheet will provide the leader future insights by encouraging the leader to lead and guide the organizational members for the achievement of long-term goals and objectives(Finkelstein, Hambrick, and Cannella 2009). This method will define the future leadership skills and change management requirements by assessing the current management strategy and leadership in the organization of Microsoft. The qualification gap and performance analysis is a method that can be used to assess the current leadership skills, managerial abilities, and change management strategy of Microsoft.This method will help in analyzing a gap between the current leadership skills and change management strategy and future leadership and change management requirements. This tool will help in comparing the leadership performance and strategic change management level of the current year with the previous years of leadership performance and change management strategy(Flevy2014). SWOT analysis is an important tool to review the current leadership and change management strategy of Microsoft by identifying the strength and weakness of the current leadership of Nadella and further leadership and change management opportunities and threats for the leader in the future. From the SWOT analysis, it is identified that listening, writing, managerial, andcoordination skills are the strengths of the leadership of Microsoft. This method also shows that the leader also has weaknesses, such as motivation skills, communication or representation skills and decision making inability. As per SWOT analysis, the opportunities include time-management skills, problem solving skills,creative thinking and innovative ideas that will be required for dealing with the complex problems and potential future challenges (Fullan2011). According to SWOT analysis, the threats include diversified and inexperienced workforce, cultural diversity and management challenges, growing competition leve l, changing customers needs and growing market demands, different environmental conditions, fast changing technology, growing demand of the corporate social responsibility and ethical behavior are several issues that create potential risks for the leaderof Microsoft. After reviewing the current organizational leadership and change managementof Microsoft by using the appropriate methods, it is identified that the current leadership skills, managerial qualities,and change management strategy of Microsoft are below the expectation level and requiremore efforts to prepare the leader for the future goals and potential challenges. The leader of Microsoft is required to develop extra leadership skills that may be required for dealing with the complex future problems and potential challenges becauseit will be effective to lead the workforce effectively by managing their performances for the future tasks or projects and potential challenges facing while working at different environmental conditions(Jung 2011). The development of extra leadership skills and managerial competencies will also assist the leader to attain the organizational vision, mission, long-term goals and objectives and targets within determined timelines and estimated budget. It will also be effective for Microsoft toorganize long-term training sessions and coaching and development programs for developing the future leadership developmentthat may be required for dealing with the future situations or challenges. Along with this, the job rotation, mentoring, use of case studies and learning programs, group discussions, and e-studies will be effective for developing the future leadership and management. For ex- for the introduction of the new services, such as smartphones, windows phones, tablets, and Xbox (new products which were introduced by Microsoft after the acquisition of Nokia), the new advertising strategy, marketing plans and objectives will be required for the success of these new products(Kavanagh and Ashkanasy2006). Identifying the new customer segments, determination of competition level, creation of new market plan and strategy, and growth prospects will be future challenges for the Leader of Microsoft while dealing with the new product line. Plan to develop the leadership skills to deal with potential situations or challenges At Microsoft, it is essential to for the leader to create a plan for the development of the leadership skills and managerial qualities in order to manage the performances of the employees. In order to develop the leadership skills, such as managerial skills, motivation skills, time management skills, and decision-making skills, the development methods, such as training, coaching, mentoring, e-learning studies (e-books, magazines, journals, and articles), case studies, meetings and seminars, group discussions, and promotional events will be used.The coaching programs and mentoring will assist to develop the leadership abilities. The training and skills development methods will assist to enhance the leadership qualities and managerial competencies of the leaders(Anderson and Anderson 2010). Job rotation is an effective tool that can be used to enhance the leadership skills and managerial qualities of the leader. The leader will be appointed in different geographical regions periodically that will assist to prepare them to face the complex situations and further challenges and to take effective decisions in these situations. Along with this, the case studieswill assist in improving themanagerial qualities, leadership skills, technical knowledge, and decision making ability of the leader. The group discussions will be effective to improve the communication skills, negotiation skills, and decision making skills of the leader. The use of E-learning, such as e-study of the books, blogs, articles, journals, and essays and the leadership histories of the former successful leaderswill be effective to enhance the leadership skills and managerial qualities of the leader(DuBrin 2012).The following table will emphasize the development of the leadership skills through the use of the suitable development methods. Types of Leadership skills Objectivity Time period for development/ improvement Development methods Development of communication or representative skills To communicate with organizational members and stakeholders effectively To correspond the organizational members and external stakeholders through emails, social media, Skype or videoconferencing 2 months Joining training classes, seminars, meetings or presentation ceremonies Participating in group discussions Reading books, magazines, articles, newspapers, or e-studies Development of time-management skills To execute and accomplish the assigned tasks or projectsin the determined timelines 2 months Through training, case studies, group discussions, and reviewing the implemented projects By reading books, magazines and essays on time management books Development of motivational skills To motivate the subordinates and organizational members effectively To encourage the team members for the goals achievement To enhance employee morale and job satisfaction 2 months Through training, coaching, and group discussions Reading e-books, essays, articles or magazines on motivation theories Improvement in problem-solving skills To solve the inter-organizational conflicts and complex problems To prepare them for the future challenges Tofind the best possible solution to the organizational problems 1 month By reading problem-solving books, articles, essays, magazines and journals Through joining meetings, seminars, training or group discussions Improvement in decision-making skills To take decisions effectively in the typical situations or unfavorable conditions 1 Month By attending seminars, meetings and group discussions By reading e-books, articles or essays, magazines, books, and case studies Improvement in negotiation skills To negotiate the organizational members and external stakeholders effectively 1 month By attending training, seminars, meetings, group discussions, and learning programs The above personal development plan will be effective for the leader of Microsoft in developing the leadership skills and managerial competencies required for performing the role of an effective leader in managing the performances of the employees. It will provide a platform for the leader to lead, direct and supervise the project team or staff members effectively. The PDP will also assist the leader to win the confidence, credibility and loyalty of the team members by enhancing the leadership skills and managerial abilities. The use of development methods will be effective for SatyaNadellato prepare himself for the future challenges and complicated situations. The development methods will be useful for the leader in taking right decisions in the critical situations. These methods will enhance the leadership skills, managerial qualities, and professional competencies of the leader to manage the workforce in an effective manner (Eikenberry 2011). These methods will be useful to develop several leadership qualities, such as change management, risk-taking ability and awareness, customer handling, creativity and innovation, depth understanding, strategic vision, and team working abilities. The use of the development methods will be effective to develop the motivation skills, communication skills, time-management skills, and decision-making skills as well as improvement in the problem solving skills, creative thinking skills, negotiation skills, and managerial skills of the leader. For ex-the self-assessment method will the useful in providing an assessment of the current leadership skills and managerial abilities by identifying the strengths and weaknesses of the leader. Another method, like- job rotation will be useful to prepare the leader for working in different environment conditions by developing the leadership skills and professional competence of the leader(Cliff and Johan2010). The training and skills development programs will be useful to enhance the leadership skills and managerial qualities of the leader. The learning methods, such as case studies and group discussions will be useful to enhance theself-knowledge, depth understanding, and creative thinkingof the leader. Conclusion Recommendations From the above discussion, it can be concluded that change management and leadership are essential to direct the organization toward growth through the development of an effective leadership strategy by using the leadership theories and change management methods. The leader of Microsoft should use different leadership theories in different situations for managing the performances of the employees toward the achievement of the long-term business goals, objectives, and targets of the organization. The change management models and leadership theories will help the leader in designing an effective business strategy as per organizational requirements and changing business environmental trends. 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